9+ Best French Language Films on Netflix Tonight!


9+ Best French Language Films on Netflix Tonight!

A group of movement footage produced with dialogue primarily in French and accessible via the Netflix streaming service presents a various vary of cinematic experiences. These productions span varied genres, together with drama, comedy, thriller, and romance, reflecting the richness of French-speaking cultures worldwide. For example, one would possibly discover a traditional Parisian romance or a recent crime drama set in Marseille inside this choice.

The provision of such movies on a preferred platform considerably enhances accessibility to Francophone tradition and promotes language studying. Moreover, it supplies a platform for French-speaking filmmakers to succeed in a world viewers, fostering cross-cultural understanding and appreciation. Traditionally, French cinema has held a distinguished place within the international movie trade, and its continued presence on streaming companies like Netflix ensures its enduring affect and wider dissemination.

The following sections will delve into particular examples of notable titles obtainable, discover the assorted genres represented, and analyze the affect of streaming companies on the distribution and reception of those cinematic works.

1. Accessibility

The idea of accessibility, in relation to French-language movies on Netflix, pertains to the convenience with which international audiences can uncover, perceive, and admire these cinematic works. It entails a number of interconnected aspects that stretch past mere availability on a streaming platform.

  • Subtitles and Dubbing

    The provision of subtitles in a number of languages is paramount for accessibility. Subtitles allow viewers who don’t perceive French to observe the dialogue and narrative, transcending language obstacles. Dubbing, whereas much less favored by some purists, gives an alternate for audiences preferring to not learn subtitles, additional increasing the potential viewership. The standard and accuracy of each subtitles and dubbing considerably affect the viewing expertise and comprehension of the movie’s nuances.

  • Platform Navigation and Discoverability

    The effectivity with which viewers can find French-language content material inside the Netflix interface immediately influences accessibility. Efficient categorization, search algorithms, and curated collections devoted to French cinema are essential. Clear labeling and descriptions, together with language data and style classifications, improve the consumer expertise and facilitate discovery of related movies. In distinction, poorly organized content material hinders accessibility, even when the movies are technically obtainable.

  • Gadget Compatibility and Web Necessities

    Accessibility is contingent on the compatibility of Netflix with a variety of gadgets, together with televisions, computer systems, tablets, and smartphones. Moreover, a steady and sufficiently quick web connection is crucial for seamless streaming. People with restricted entry to know-how or dependable web infrastructure face important obstacles to accessing French-language movies on the platform, making a digital divide that undermines inclusivity.

  • Pricing and Subscription Fashions

    The price of a Netflix subscription could be a barrier to entry for some people. Subscription costs, regional variations, and the supply of various subscription tiers affect affordability. For people with restricted disposable earnings, the price of a Netflix subscription could outweigh the need to entry French-language movies, successfully excluding them from this cultural providing. Different fashions, reminiscent of free trials or sponsored subscriptions, can mitigate this barrier.

The interaction of those accessibility aspects shapes the worldwide consumption and appreciation of French-language cinematic works. Overcoming obstacles associated to language, discoverability, know-how, and value is vital for selling wider cultural change and making certain that French cinema reaches a various and inclusive viewers via platforms like Netflix.

2. Cultural Publicity

The provision of French language movies on Netflix facilitates cultural publicity by offering entry to narratives, views, and inventive expressions rooted in Francophone societies. This publicity extends past mere leisure, providing insights into historic contexts, social norms, and aesthetic values prevalent in French-speaking areas.

  • Reflection of Societal Values and Norms

    French cinema typically displays the societal values and norms of French-speaking international locations. Movies could discover themes reminiscent of household dynamics, social class, political ideologies, and moral dilemmas, offering viewers with a nuanced understanding of the cultural cloth. For instance, a movie depicting the French healthcare system can supply insights into the nation’s social welfare insurance policies and attitudes towards public well being. These depictions function useful assets for understanding cultural variations and selling cross-cultural empathy.

  • Illustration of Historic Contexts

    Many French movies delve into historic occasions and intervals, providing dramatized interpretations of great moments in French and Francophone historical past. These movies can make clear historic figures, political actions, and social transformations, enriching viewers’ understanding of the previous. A historic drama set throughout the French Revolution, for instance, can present context for understanding trendy French society and its political panorama. Such representations can immediate additional exploration of historic matters and encourage vital evaluation of historic narratives.

  • Showcasing Linguistic Variety

    French language movies on Netflix typically showcase the linguistic variety inside the Francophone world. Movies could characteristic regional accents, dialects, and variations of the French language, reflecting the cultural identities of various communities. Moreover, some movies could incorporate different languages spoken in French-speaking areas, highlighting the multilingual nature of those societies. This publicity to linguistic variety can improve viewers’ understanding of the complexities of language and tradition, selling linguistic consciousness and appreciation.

  • Promotion of Inventive and Aesthetic Traditions

    French cinema is famend for its inventive and aesthetic traditions, together with distinctive cinematography, narrative buildings, and directorial types. Movies obtainable on Netflix supply viewers the chance to expertise these traditions firsthand, appreciating the inventive deserves of French filmmaking. From the New Wave motion to modern auteur cinema, French movies showcase a variety of inventive expressions that contribute to the worldwide cinematic panorama. Publicity to those inventive traditions can encourage creativity and foster a deeper appreciation for the artwork of filmmaking.

These aspects of cultural publicity, facilitated by French language movies on Netflix, underscore the potential for cinema to function a bridge between cultures, fostering understanding, empathy, and appreciation for the variety of human expertise. The platform’s accessibility supplies a novel alternative for international audiences to interact with French tradition and increase their views on the world.

3. Style Selection

The breadth of style illustration inside the assortment of French language movies on Netflix considerably enriches the viewing expertise and caters to a various vary of viewers preferences. This selection underscores the dynamism and inventive scope of French cinema, extending past stereotypical portrayals and providing nuanced views throughout totally different narrative kinds.

  • Comedies

    French comedies current a spectrum starting from lighthearted farces to satirical social commentaries. These movies typically discover themes of household, work, and cultural identification, using humor to dissect societal norms and human relationships. Examples embrace ensemble comedies centered on Parisian life or narratives satirizing political absurdities. The provision of numerous comedic types ensures viewers engagement throughout cultural and linguistic boundaries.

  • Dramas

    French dramas embody a wide selection of thematic issues, typically delving into advanced emotional landscapes and social points. These movies could painting intimate private struggles, historic injustices, or modern social challenges. Examples embrace interval dramas set in opposition to the backdrop of great historic occasions or character-driven narratives exploring themes of affection, loss, and redemption. The depth and nuance of those dramas contribute to the vital acclaim of French cinema.

  • Thrillers and Crime Movies

    French thrillers and crime movies supply suspenseful narratives characterised by intricate plots, morally ambiguous characters, and atmospheric settings. These movies typically discover themes of corruption, betrayal, and justice, using suspense and rigidity to captivate audiences. Examples embrace noir-inspired crime dramas set in city environments or psychological thrillers exploring the darker points of human nature. The stylistic components and narrative complexity of those movies contribute to their worldwide enchantment.

  • Romance Movies

    French romance movies typically discover the complexities of human reference to a give attention to emotional depth and character growth. These movies could depict the fun and challenges of affection, relationships, and intimacy, typically set in opposition to the backdrop of picturesque French landscapes or city environments. Examples embrace traditional romantic comedies or modern dramas exploring the nuances of recent relationships. The emphasis on nuanced performances and evocative settings enhances the emotional affect of those movies.

The aggregation of those numerous genres inside the French language movie choice on Netflix ensures a complete illustration of French cinematic artwork. From lighthearted leisure to thought-provoking social commentary, the breadth of style choices contributes to the platform’s enchantment as a useful resource for experiencing and appreciating French tradition and storytelling.

4. Subtitle Choices

Subtitle choices are an important aspect within the accessibility and international attain of French language movies on Netflix. They immediately affect the flexibility of non-French audio system to interact with and perceive the cinematic content material, thereby broadening the potential viewers and fostering cross-cultural appreciation.

  • Language Availability

    The range of subtitle languages provided considerably impacts accessibility. Generally supported languages reminiscent of English, Spanish, and Mandarin are important for reaching massive segments of the worldwide inhabitants. Nevertheless, the inclusion of much less widespread languages demonstrates a dedication to inclusivity, enabling smaller linguistic communities to take pleasure in French cinema. The absence of subtitles in a viewer’s native language presents a major barrier to entry.

  • Subtitle High quality and Accuracy

    The standard and accuracy of subtitles are paramount for conveying the supposed which means and nuances of the unique dialogue. Nicely-translated subtitles precisely mirror the tone, humor, and cultural references current within the movie. Poorly translated subtitles, alternatively, can result in misinterpretations and detract from the viewing expertise. Correct timing and synchronization with the audio are additionally vital for sustaining viewer engagement and comprehension.

  • Customization Options

    The provision of customization options, reminiscent of font dimension, coloration, and background opacity, enhances the viewing expertise for people with visible impairments or particular preferences. Adjustable subtitle settings enable viewers to tailor the presentation to their particular person wants, enhancing readability and luxury. The absence of customization choices can restrict accessibility for viewers with disabilities and compromise the general viewing expertise.

  • Affect on Cultural Understanding

    Subtitles not solely facilitate linguistic comprehension but in addition contribute to cultural understanding. Nicely-crafted subtitles can present context for cultural references, idioms, and social customs, enriching the viewer’s understanding of the French-speaking world. Subtitles may also function a device for language studying, exposing viewers to new vocabulary and grammatical buildings. Due to this fact, the presence and high quality of subtitles play a major position in fostering cross-cultural communication and appreciation.

The assorted aspects of subtitle choices on Netflix underscore their significance in making French language movies accessible and pleasant for a world viewers. By providing a various vary of languages, making certain high-quality translations, offering customization options, and selling cultural understanding, subtitle choices play a significant position in increasing the attain and affect of French cinema.

5. Authentic Productions

Authentic productions inside the French language movie and tv content material on Netflix characterize a major enlargement of the platform’s choices and affect on the panorama of Francophone cinema. These productions, commissioned and produced by Netflix, contribute to the diversification of obtainable titles and introduce new narratives and views to a world viewers.

  • Elevated Illustration of Modern French Tradition

    Netflix authentic productions steadily interact with modern social and cultural points prevalent in France and different French-speaking areas. This consists of exploring themes associated to identification, immigration, social inequality, and political discourse. For instance, collection like “Household Enterprise” or “Mortel” supply trendy views on French society, typically mixing humor with social commentary. This elevated illustration permits for a extra nuanced and up-to-date portrayal of Francophone cultures than could be present in older or independently produced movies.

  • Funding in French Expertise and Manufacturing Infrastructure

    The commissioning of authentic productions necessitates funding in French expertise, together with actors, writers, administrators, and manufacturing crews. This funding bolsters the French movie trade, offering alternatives for established professionals and rising artists alike. Moreover, it helps the event of native manufacturing infrastructure, enhancing the standard and scale of French filmmaking. This may be noticed within the growing manufacturing worth and complex storytelling present in Netflix’s French language authentic collection and movies.

  • World Distribution and Viewers Attain

    Netflix’s international distribution community ensures that French language authentic productions attain an unlimited worldwide viewers. This publicity supplies a platform for French filmmakers and actors to realize recognition past home markets. The provision of subtitles and dubbing in a number of languages additional enhances accessibility and permits viewers from numerous cultural backgrounds to interact with French storytelling. The success of collection like “Lupin” demonstrates the potential for French content material to realize international recognition on the Netflix platform.

  • Affect on Conventional Movie Manufacturing Fashions

    The rise of Netflix authentic productions has influenced conventional movie manufacturing fashions in France. The streaming platform’s funding in content material has prompted conventional studios and broadcasters to adapt their methods to compete for expertise and viewers share. This has led to an elevated emphasis on high-quality manufacturing values and progressive storytelling throughout the French movie trade. The aggressive panorama has additionally inspired collaboration between conventional and streaming platforms, fostering a extra dynamic and numerous ecosystem for French cinema.

The affect of Netflix’s authentic productions on French language movie and tv content material is multifaceted. By growing illustration, investing in expertise, increasing international attain, and influencing conventional manufacturing fashions, these productions are reshaping the panorama of French cinema and contributing to its continued evolution.

6. Dubbing Alternate options

Whereas dubbing presents a technique for accessing French language movies on Netflix, it inherently alters the unique inventive intent. The substitute of the unique actors’ voices with these of various performers invariably modifications the efficiency dynamics, emotional supply, and refined nuances that contribute to the movie’s inventive benefit. Consequently, different viewing choices that protect the unique audio change into essential for a extra genuine cinematic expertise. Subtitles, subsequently, emerge as the first dubbing different. For instance, viewers can interact with a movie like “Amlie” in its authentic French audio, using subtitles of their most well-liked language for comprehension. This methodology retains the unique performances of Audrey Tautou and her co-stars, permitting audiences to understand the actors’ supposed inflections and emotional expressions, components inevitably misplaced in dubbed variations.

Past subtitles, the tutorial worth of watching French language movies on Netflix within the authentic audio with accompanying textual content ought to be thought-about. This follow promotes language acquisition and fosters a deeper understanding of French tradition and linguistic intricacies. It permits viewers to change into aware of French pronunciation, intonation, and colloquialisms. Moreover, publicity to the unique audio enhances the appreciation of the director’s inventive imaginative and prescient and the actors’ artistic selections. Entry to each French and secondary language subtitles concurrently would possibly present an extra studying alternative. As an example, a consumer might select French audio with French subtitles, or French audio with English subtitles based mostly on their language studying degree.

In conclusion, whereas dubbing gives accessibility, subtitles characterize a extra devoted and enriching different for experiencing French language movies on Netflix. The utilization of subtitles preserves the inventive integrity of the unique manufacturing, promotes language studying, and fosters a deeper appreciation for French tradition. Due to this fact, subtitled viewing ought to be prioritized for these searching for a extra genuine and academic cinematic expertise.

7. Worldwide Actors

The presence of worldwide actors inside French language movies on Netflix is a key element influencing the movies’ international enchantment and accessibility. This integration, stemming from strategic casting choices, broadens the potential viewers and contributes to a extra numerous and inclusive cinematic panorama. The involvement of actors acknowledged internationally can entice viewers unfamiliar with French cinema particularly, introducing them to a brand new realm of storytelling and cultural views. For instance, the inclusion of Omar Sy, a French actor gaining worldwide recognition, in varied Netflix productions considerably elevated the platform’s viewership amongst English-speaking audiences.

Moreover, the utilization of worldwide actors inside these movies typically permits for the exploration of numerous cultural backgrounds and views inside the narrative. This will result in richer and extra advanced storylines that resonate with a world viewers. Actual-life examples embrace movies that tackle themes of immigration, cultural integration, or transnational relationships, all of which profit from the presence of actors who can authentically characterize these numerous experiences. Such casting selections may also problem conventional stereotypes and promote a extra nuanced understanding of various cultures and communities. The sensible significance lies within the elevated cross-cultural dialogue and understanding fostered via these cinematic representations.

In abstract, the strategic incorporation of worldwide actors into French language movies on Netflix impacts viewership, narrative complexity, and cultural illustration. Whereas challenges could come up in making certain genuine portrayal and avoiding tokenism, the general impact is a higher appreciation for numerous views and a wider viewers for French cinema on a world scale. This finally strengthens the position of those movies in selling cross-cultural understanding and fostering a extra inclusive cinematic panorama.

8. Important Reception

Important reception performs a major position in shaping the visibility and consumption of French language movies on Netflix. Constructive evaluations from established critics and publications can elevate a movie’s profile, influencing viewership selections and producing higher curiosity in French cinema usually. Conversely, unfavourable or combined evaluations could deter potential viewers, limiting the movie’s attain and affect. This dynamic creates a direct cause-and-effect relationship: constructive vital appraisal typically results in elevated streaming exercise, whereas unfavorable critiques can diminish a movie’s success on the platform. Due to this fact, vital reception acts as an necessary filter via which many viewers decide which French language movies to interact with. An actual-life instance might be seen within the different responses to Netflix’s authentic French productions; these receiving excessive vital reward, reminiscent of “Name My Agent!,” typically take pleasure in sustained recognition and broader worldwide recognition in comparison with these met with much less enthusiastic evaluations. The sensible significance of this understanding lies within the recognition that strategic advertising and marketing and efforts to garner constructive vital consideration are important for maximizing a movie’s potential viewers on Netflix.

The aggregation of vital evaluations, via platforms like Rotten Tomatoes or Metacritic, additional amplifies the affect of vital reception. These web sites present aggregated scores based mostly on quite a few evaluations, providing a simplified overview of vital consensus. This readily accessible data influences viewing choices, significantly for informal viewers who could not have pre-existing information of French cinema. Moreover, vital acclaim can result in awards nominations and wins, additional enhancing a movie’s status and driving viewership. Movies that obtain recognition at prestigious movie festivals, reminiscent of Cannes or Venice, typically expertise a subsequent surge in recognition on streaming platforms like Netflix. This demonstrates that the worth of vital validation extends past instant evaluations, impacting a movie’s long-term visibility and cultural significance. The provision of evaluations immediately inside Netflixs platform, or via hyperlinks to exterior evaluate websites, additionally shapes the customers choice course of.

In conclusion, vital reception acts as a significant element within the success of French language movies on Netflix. Constructive evaluations translate into elevated visibility and viewership, whereas unfavourable evaluations can hinder a movie’s attain. Understanding the affect of vital appraisal permits for simpler advertising and marketing methods and underscores the significance of striving for inventive excellence. Whereas vital opinion is subjective, its affect on the consumption of French cinema on streaming platforms is simple and ought to be rigorously thought-about by filmmakers, distributors, and Netflix itself.

9. Regional Variety

The provision of French language movies on Netflix gives a possibility to showcase the regional variety inherent inside Francophone cultures. The platforms potential lies in presenting cinematic works originating from international locations and areas past metropolitan France, encompassing views and tales distinctive to locations reminiscent of Quebec, Senegal, Belgium, Switzerland, and North African nations. This variety immediately impacts the richness and authenticity of the content material, providing viewers a broader understanding of the French-speaking world and its multifaceted identities. For instance, movies produced in Senegal typically discover themes of post-colonialism and cultural identification, offering views distinct from these sometimes present in mainstream French cinema. A restricted number of movies predominantly targeted on Parisian narratives would considerably diminish the cultural worth and enchantment of the platform’s French language choices, leading to a much less consultant and finally much less partaking expertise for viewers searching for a complete understanding of Francophone cultures.

The illustration of regional variety in French language movies on Netflix shouldn’t be merely a matter of geographical selection; it additionally entails linguistic nuances, social customs, and historic contexts. Movies originating from Quebec, as an example, typically characteristic distinct dialectical variations of French and discover themes particular to Quebecois society and identification. Equally, movies from North African international locations steadily mirror the area’s advanced historical past and cultural influences, mixing Arabic and Berber traditions with French language storytelling. Selling this regional variety requires a acutely aware effort from Netflix to amass and promote movies from numerous sources, actively searching for out unbiased productions and lesser-known filmmakers. A well-curated assortment that prioritizes regional illustration can function a useful useful resource for language learners, cultural lovers, and anybody searching for a extra complete understanding of the Francophone world.

In conclusion, the inclusion of regional variety is essential to the worth and enchantment of French language movies on Netflix. Showcasing cinematic works from varied Francophone areas enriches the platform’s content material, supplies viewers with a broader cultural understanding, and helps filmmakers from numerous backgrounds. Whereas challenges could exist in sourcing and selling movies from lesser-known areas, the advantages of prioritizing regional variety far outweigh the difficulties, finally enhancing the platform’s contribution to cross-cultural understanding and appreciation.

Incessantly Requested Questions

The next part addresses widespread inquiries relating to the supply, content material, and entry to French language movies on the Netflix streaming platform.

Query 1: Does Netflix supply a devoted class or search filter for French language movies?

Sure, Netflix supplies search filters and classes that enable customers to find movies primarily spoken in French. These instruments help in navigating the in depth library and figuring out related content material.

Query 2: Are subtitles obtainable for French language movies on Netflix, and through which languages?

Subtitles are usually obtainable for French language movies on Netflix. The precise languages provided differ relying on the movie and the viewer’s geographic location. Frequent subtitle languages embrace English, Spanish, and others.

Query 3: Does Netflix supply each traditional and modern French language movies?

Netflix supplies a number of each traditional and modern French language movies, although the supply of particular titles could fluctuate based mostly on licensing agreements.

Query 4: Are there Netflix authentic movies produced within the French language?

Sure, Netflix produces authentic movies within the French language. These productions typically characteristic modern themes and French-speaking actors.

Query 5: How typically is the number of French language movies on Netflix up to date?

The number of French language movies on Netflix is periodically up to date as licensing agreements expire and new titles are added. The frequency of updates can differ.

Query 6: Is dubbing provided as a substitute for subtitles for French language movies?

Dubbing could also be obtainable as a substitute for subtitles for some French language movies on Netflix. The provision of dubbing depends on the particular title and regional settings.

In abstract, Netflix gives quite a lot of choices for accessing and having fun with French language movies. Subtitles, authentic productions, and devoted search options improve the viewing expertise.

The following part will discover methods for maximizing the advantages of French language movies on Netflix for language studying functions.

Strategic Engagement with French Language Movies on Netflix

The next part outlines strategies for maximizing the advantages derived from partaking with French language movies obtainable via the Netflix streaming service. Focus is positioned on optimizing comprehension, language acquisition, and cultural understanding.

Tip 1: Prioritize Subtitles over Dubbing: Choose movies with obtainable subtitle choices. Whereas dubbing supplies instant comprehension, subtitles keep the authenticity of the unique performances and auditory nuances. This strategy fosters improved listening comprehension and familiarization with pure French speech patterns. For instance, keep away from watching a dubbed model of “Amlie,” opting as an alternative for the unique French audio with English subtitles.

Tip 2: Make the most of French Subtitles for Superior Language Learners: For people with intermediate to superior French proficiency, think about using French subtitles together with the French audio. This methodology strengthens studying comprehension, reinforces vocabulary acquisition, and promotes correct spelling. Choose movies acceptable to the viewer’s proficiency degree, beginning with less complicated narratives and step by step progressing to extra advanced dialogue.

Tip 3: Make use of Lively Listening Methods: Have interaction actively with the dialogue by pausing and repeating phrases or sentences that current issue. Deal with figuring out unfamiliar vocabulary and noting idiomatic expressions. Make the most of on-line dictionaries or language studying assets to make clear which means and utilization. This lively engagement enhances retention and improves total listening comprehension expertise. Preserve a notepad and pen useful.

Tip 4: Discover Movies from Various Francophone Areas: Increase publicity past Parisian French by choosing movies originating from varied Francophone areas, reminiscent of Quebec, Senegal, or Belgium. These movies supply distinctive linguistic variations and cultural views, enriching total understanding of the French-speaking world. Remember that accent and colloquialisms can differ considerably.

Tip 5: Have interaction with Supplementary Supplies: Improve comprehension by researching the historic or social context of the movie. Learn evaluations, analyses, or interviews with the filmmakers to realize deeper insights into the themes and underlying messages. This contextual consciousness enriches the viewing expertise and fosters vital considering expertise.

Tip 6: Re-watch Movies for Enhanced Comprehension: Re-watching beforehand considered movies can considerably enhance comprehension. Subsequent viewings enable for a extra nuanced understanding of the dialogue, plot complexities, and character motivations. The preliminary viewing familiarizes the viewer with the narrative, facilitating deeper evaluation throughout subsequent viewings.

Tip 7: Deal with Genuine Dialogue, Not Simply Plot: Pay shut consideration to the dialogue, together with widespread phrases, colloquialisms, and grammatical buildings. Deconstructing a scene and understanding every aspect helps in gaining higher familiarity.

Efficient utilization of French language movies on Netflix requires lively engagement and a strategic strategy. Subtitles, regional variety, lively listening, and supplementary supplies mix to create a wealthy and rewarding language studying expertise.

The concluding part will summarize the important thing advantages of partaking with French language movies on Netflix and reiterate the worth of this useful resource for language learners and cultural lovers.

Conclusion

The foregoing evaluation has explored the multifaceted advantages and issues related to accessing French language movies on Netflix. This platform serves as a major conduit for disseminating Francophone tradition, fostering language acquisition, and broadening cinematic horizons. The provision of subtitles, the inclusion of authentic productions, and the illustration of regional variety are all key components that contribute to the worth of this useful resource. Whereas challenges could exist relating to content material licensing and the potential for misrepresentation, the general affect of French language movies on Netflix is demonstrably constructive.

In the end, the continued engagement with French language movies on Netflix hinges on a dedication to considerate curation, vital viewing, and lively studying. By prioritizing authenticity, exploring numerous views, and using obtainable instruments successfully, people can unlock the complete potential of this useful resource and contribute to a richer understanding of the French-speaking world. Continued growth of high quality, numerous movie selections and consumer accessibility options will cement the platform’s essential position in international cultural change.